Computer-
=>Computer is an electronic device that used for perform the calculation on input data.
=>Computer word is taken from ‘compute’ word that mean is calculation.
=>Father of computer was “CHARLS BABBAGE”.
=>Babbage computer also known as mechanical computer.
=>Computer also called system where system word is taken from Greek word “SYSTEMA” because computer performs the task in systematic order.
Meaning of computer-
C-Common
O-Operating/Operat
M-Machine
P-Particular/person
U-User
T-Trade
E-Education
R-Research
Definition-
A Common Operating Machine which is used by Particular User in any field like Trade, Education, and Research.
Advantage of computer-
Computer has different types of advantage.
I. Speed-It performs fast calculation on input data.
II. Accuracy-It provides 100% accurate result.
III.Versatile-Perform any types of work in any field like Trade, Education, and Research.
IV. Diligence-Perform 24 hours work without getting tired.
V. Storage-store the data for long time duration.
VI. No IQ-No self decision taken.
VII.No feeling-No emotional attachment.
Working of computer-
IPO (Input-Process-Output) Cycle.
Computer use 3 processes for perform the execution.
a>Fetch-Read the data.
b>Decode-Change the data.
c>Execute-Process the data.
Type of computer-
The computer work on data signal which place two types.
According to signal the computer is divided into two type.
1)Analog computer
2)Digital computer
1)Analog compute-

=>In Analog computer, analog signal is used.
=>The analog signal is a signal which propagate (travel) with respect to time.
=>The analog signal provide different value at different point.
=>The analog computer is used in weather forecasting area.
2)Digital computer-
=>In digital computer, digital signal use the digital signal proved foe (content value) an any time.
=>The digital computer is used for calculation on data.
There are different area where the digital computer is used such as-
-Scientific Research
-Remote Sensing
-Rocket Lunching
-Flight Simulation
-Artificial Intelligence.
Hybrid computer-
This computer is used in biasness and medical area it works on analog and digital signal.
Generation of computer-
The generation of computer is depend hardware design there are different generation of computer.
1)1stGeneration(1940-1955)-
=>The computer is made by vacuumed tube or diode or valve.
=>The speed of calculation is very slow.
=>Very large size of computer.
=>Generation more heat.
=>Take 7 days for perform the calculation.
2)2ndGeneration(1955-1970)-
=>Computer are design by using transistor, Resistor and capacitor’s.
=>The processing speed is slow.
=>Bulky in size.
=>Used in business calculation.
3)3rdGeneration(1971-onwords)-
=>Computer is design by using Integrated Circuit(IC).
=>This generation of computer is used for fast calculation data.
=>In this generation of computer operating system keyboard, mouse and other devices is used.
4)4thGeneration(1980-onwords)-
=>It also design by using Integrated Circuit(IC).
=>In this generation, very large scale integration(VLSI) technology is used.
=>The processing speed is fast.
=>Computer size is reduced.
Eq. Desktop, Laptop, Palmtop, Portable Digital Assistant(PDA).
5)5thgeneration-
=>It use ultra large scale integration(ULSI) technology.
=>5th generation of computer is used in Artificial Intelligence and Robot designing.
Integrated Circuit(IC)-
=>IC is made by save conductor material such as silicon and germanium.
=>In IC, fabrication technology is used.
=>IC is made by using thin plastic material where all the circuit is fabricated.
=>The connection of IC is much more reliable than scolding connection.
=>IC reduce the size of computer.
=>IC provide greater speed and reliability.
=>It consume less power and generate less heat.
=>There are two type of IC.
a>Dual in line IC.
b>Pin grid array IC.
a>Dual in line IC-
=>24 pin’s are available.
=>Small circuit design.
b>Pin grid array IC-
=>144 pin’s are available.
=>Surrounded by pin’s.
=>Large circuit design.
Classification of IC Number circuit
SSI-Small Scale Integration 10 circuit
MSI-Medium Scale Integration 100 ‘’
LSI-Large ‘’ 1000 ‘’
VLSI-Very Large ‘’ 10000 ‘’
VVLSI-Very Very Large ‘’ 100000 ‘’
ULSI-Ultra Large ‘’ Above 1000000 ‘’
Classification of IC Number circuit
SSI-Small Scale Integration 10 circuit MSI-Medium Scale Integration 100 ‘’ LSI-Large ‘’ 1000 ‘’ VLSI-Very Large ‘’ 10000 ‘’ VVLSI-Very Very Large ‘’ 100000 ‘’ ULSI-Ultra Large ‘’ Above 1000000 ‘’Micro Processor-
=>It is brain of our computer system.
=>The microprocessor is build by the help of IC.
=>The microprocessor perform all the process in computer.
=>The first microprocessor was design by Intel Company in 1971.
=>The name of first microprocessor is Intel 4004.
=>First general purpose work on 8 bit data path and now it’s work on up to 64 bit data path.
There are many company that design microprocessor-
eq.
-Cyrix
-AMD(Advance micro devices)
-Celeron
-Intel
-Moto
Some microprocessor-
Intel microprocessor foxily-
Intel-4004
Intel-8080
Intel-8085
Intel-8086
Intel-80286
Intel-80386
Intel-80486
Intel-8088
Intel-pentium-1,2,3,4
Intel-core series=>Dual core, core 2Dou, core I3, I5, I7, I9
Category of computer (According to size, speed)-
=>There are different types of category of computer-
Eq.
-Microcomputer
-Minicomputer
-Mainframe computer
-Super computer
Microcomputer-
=>The micro computer is design by the micro processor.
=>The computer which is made by micro processor is known as microcomputer.
=>The Personal Computer (PC) is also of micro computer.
=>The micro computer work on up to 64 bit micro processor.
Some micro computer are-
Laptop, Desktop, Palmtop, Portable Digital Assistant (PDA).
Minicomputer-
=>This computer is use in business calculation.
=>In this computer more then one processor is used.
Mainframe computer-
=>The mainframe computer is used in networking area for manage large amount of information.
=>The mainframe computer have more then one microprocessor than perform fast calculation.
=>The mainframe computer work on above 32 bit microprocessor.
=>This computer is use in network area for creating server.
=>IBM (International Business Machine) design the mainframe computer.
Super computer-
=>The Super computer is used for handle the large data processing.
=>The Super computer have more than one microprocessor that perform the different calculation at the save time.
=>The Super computer is a power full computer that provide the result in limited time interval.
=>In Super computer, Real time o/s is used.
=>Super computer is used for solving the complex problem in computer.
=>In Super computer vector processing is used.
=>There are different area where super computer is used.
Eq.
-Weather forecasting
-Flight simulation
-Remote sensing
-Rocket launching
-Scientific research
-Seismic data analysis
Some Super computer are-
-CRAY-XMP-14
-GNOME-13
-PARAM
-ANURAG
-Sunway tihulight
-JAGUAR
Imp C.P.U. (Central Processing Unit)-
Input--------------------------Process------------------------output
=>The C.P.U. is central processing unit.
=>The C.P.U. is also known as brain of computer system.
=>The C.P.U. is invented by “JHON VON NEV MENN”.
=>The C.P.U. also known as microprocessor.
=>The C.P.U. perform the process in well define manner.
=>The C.P.U. have three basic component.
I. A.L.U.-Arithmetic Logic Unit
II. C.U.-Control Unit
III.M.U.-Memory Unit
C.P.U. also attached with input, output, and secondary memory.
I. A.L.U.-
=>In C.P.U., the A.L.U. perform all the calculations in computer.
=>In A.L.U. the mathematical and logical operators are store.
=>In C.P.U., the A.L.U. perform all the calculations in computer.
=>In A.L.U. the mathematical and logical operators are store.
II. C.U.-
=>The control unit in computer is responsible for the manage the working of computer.
=>The control unit attached with memory unit and ALU perform the processing.
=>The control unit use control signal for activating and deactivating the device in computer.
=>Control unit input the data instruction from memory unit and transfer to ALU for perform particular operations.
III. M.U.-
=>It is internal memory of processor.
=>It is also known as register.
=>The memory unit store all the input data instruction and also it store the processing result’s.
=>The memory unit store the data temporary format.
=>Memory unit attached with secondary memory for store the data permanently.
output(o/p)-
The output system in the computer is provided after processing.There are two types of output-
(1)Softcopy output
(2)Hardcopy output
Softcopy output-
The softcopy output is display and sound at the can not be inprinted.Hardcopy output-
The hardcopy output is printing output the can not be print on paper.Display-
The display output is also known as VDU(Visual Display Unit) and moniter that provid softcopy output.There are different types of moniter such as-
(1)CRT-Cathoe Ray tube(2)LCD-Liquid Crystel Display
(3)TFT-Thin Film Transistor
(4)LED-Light Emitted Diode
(5)Plasma
(1)CRT(Cathod Ray Tube)-
=>Moniter screen size is measured diagonally across the screen in inches. not all of the screen area may be usable for image displaynso the viewable area is also specified.
=>The resolution of the moniter is the maximum number of pixels it can display horizontally and vertically(Such as 800*600,or1024*768,or1600*1200).
=>The moniter is use to inexpensive technology.
=>It is physically large and heavy.
(2)LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)-
=>An LCD monitor,also called flat-panel monitor.
=>This is a desktop monitor that uses a liquid crystal display to produce images.
=>Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, insead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.
=>LCD moniter and LCD screns produce color using either passive matrix or active matrix technology.
(3)TFT(Thin Film Transister)-
=>A TFT(Thin Film transistor) display, also know as an active matrix display.=>TFT use a separate transistor to apply charge to each liquid crystal cell and thus displays high quality color that is viewable from all angles.
(4)Plasma display-
=>Scienists refer to plasma as the fourth state of matter (the first three being solid,gas,and liquid) often plasma is defined as an ionized gas.
=>There moniters are made of an array of pixels, each conposed of three phasphor sub-pixels_red green and blue.
(5)LED(Light Emitted Diode)-
=>A LED display is a flat panel display,which uses an array of light-emitting dioes as pixels for a video display.
=>LED display are capable of providing general illumination in addition to visual display,as when used for stage lighting or other decorative purposes.
Display praperties-
(1)Pixel-
=>Pixel in monitor is for display the data like video,picture and other data.
=>The pixel incresed the output quality.
(2)Color-
The monitor display the data two color.(a)Monochromic-Black and white.
(b)RGB-Red,Green and Blue.
=>The color combination is very good and clear in CRT monitor and bad in LCD monitor.
(3)Resolation-
=>It is related to the arrangment of pixel in row and column formet.
=>The good quality output is depend upon the resolation of data e.q 720*480,1024*780 etc.
Refresh Rate-
It is related to refresh the monitor data in per second.Projection Display-
=>The projection display is used for convert small display output into lorg display output.
=>Projector is an example of projection display.
Hardcopy output-
=>It is in physical farmat.
=>The hardcopy output is generated by the printer.
=>The printer have following technology.
(1)Impact or Non-impact printing (Related to quality of printing)
(2)Fully Format and Dot-Matrix printer (Related to accuracy of printing)
(3)Serial,Line and Page printing (Related to speed of printing)
(1)Impact or Non-Impact(Quality)-
=>The impact printing is used in typewriter or daisywheel and Dot-matrix printer.
=>In impact printing the hamming technology is used that means the character is hit on paper through ink ribbon.
=>The printing quality of impact printing is not good or clear.
=>In Non-impact printing the character's are printing printed on paper using smooth technology.
=>The quality of non-impact printing is good and clear.
=>It is used in inkjet and laser printer.
(2)Fully Formed and Dot-Matrix printing(Accuracy)-
=>In Fully Formed printing the character is print using solid line and curve.
=>In fully formed printing the character's are understandable and readable format.
=>It is used in laser and inkjet printer.
=>In Dot-Matrix printing the character is print using dots.
=>The dots are created by the help of pins.
=>The printing of character is not clear or accurate.
=>It is use for printing Bill's.
=>It is used in Daisywheel and Dot-Matrix printer.
(3)Serial,Line and Page printing(Speed)-
=>A printerr that attaches to a computer through a serial interface.
=>Serial printer is slow transmission times and compatibility issues.
=>A line printer prints one entire line of text before advancing to another line.
=>Line printer print speed of 600 line per minute.
=>A page printer is a computer printer which processes and prints a whole page at a time, as opposed to printers which print one line or character at a time such as line printers and dot-matix printers.
Types of Printer-
Printer | Quality | Accuracy | Speed | Ink Quality | Used |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1)Inkjet | Non-Impact | Fully formed | Line by Line print | Liquid Ink heat | Small office for print, Doc., App., letter |
(2)Dot-Matrix | Impact | Dot-Matrix(Dot printing) | Character by character print(slow) | Ink ribbon | Print bills(Bulk print) |
(3)Daisy Wheel | Impact | Dot-Matrix(Dot printing) | Line by line(Accuracy) | Ink ribbon | Print Bills |
(4)Laser | Non-Impact | Fully format | Page Printing(fast) | Power of dry Ink & Salary | Print high quality data App. &other |
(5)Platter | Non-Impact | Fully format | Line printing(Average) | Laser Print | Print flow Banner or Poster(Large Pen) |
Memory System-
=>Memory in computer is used for store the data for long time duration.=>Memory store the data in the form of files.
=>In memory the data is store in to two types of format.
(a)Temporary-for small time duration.
(b)Permanent-for long time duration.
Types of memory-
=>Memory Hicrorchy=>Inter connection of memory
=>Flow of memory
Internal processor memory-
=>It is also known as processor memory.=>It is divided into two types.
(a)CPU Register
(b)Cache memory
(a)CPU Register-
=>The CPU Register is direct attached with microprocessor.=>In CPU Register limited types of data instruction's is store.
=>It is non removable memory.
=>In CPU Register those set of instruction is store which is currently processing in microprocessor.
Cache memory-
=>Cache memory is very fast memory that place between processor and RAM.=>The cache memory is used for increased the processing and data transmission speed.
=>Cache memory is static memory where the data for deleted.
=>Cache memory is expensive and non removable or non expandable memory.
=>In cache memory those instruction is store which is ready for process.
There are two types of cache memory-
(1)L1 cache(2)L2 cache
=>In L1 cache the small set of instruction is store size of L1 cache is 8kb to 256mb.
=>L2 cache store large data instruction size of L2 cache is 512mb to 1000mb.
Primary Memory-
=>It is the hart of computer that memory all the processing in computer.=>The primary memory help for operate the data in computer.
=>This memory is divided into two types.
(1)RAM
(2)ROM
Difference between RAM and ROM-
=>In ROM, the data is only accesses and data of ROM can't be updating.=>In RAM, the data is accesses and also update.
RAM-
=>It is the hart of computer manage all the part of system.=>It is also known as bolatile memory because it work on power management that means the data is loss when the power is off.
=>RAM is also known as temporary memory because in RAM the data is store for small time duration.
There are different types of RAM-
(1)S-RAM=>Static RAM(2)D-RAM=>Dynamic RAM
(3)SD-RAM=>Synchronous Dynamic RAM
(4)RD-RAM=>Rambus Dynamic RAM
(5)DDR-RAM=>Double Data Rate RAM
(1)S-RAM and D-RAM-
=>In S-RAM the data is available till the computer is an and all the data automatic remove when the computer is off.=>In D-RAM the data is refresh automatic or particular time interval. This RAM is use for manage processing in the computer.
(2)RD-RAM-
=>The RD-RAM is used in gaming console devices.=>The RD-RAM is use for support high graphics and high value data.
DDR-RAM-
=>In DDR-RAM the dual value of data is handle in computer as the same time.=>The DDR-RAM in computer is used in Loptop and Desktop computer.
There are different version of DDR-RAM-
(a)DDR1 (b)DDR2 (c)DDR3 (d)DDR4ROM-
It is Read Only Memory in ROM chip the data is only access can't we update.There are different types of ROM-
(1)P-ROM(Programmable ROM)(2)EP-ROM(Erasable P-ROM)
(3)EEP-ROM(Electrical EP-ROM)
(1)P-ROM-
In this ROM chip the program's are store that help to operate the devices. Like-Device Driver's.(2)EP-ROM-
=>In this ROM chip, the data is erased and then store new data.=>This process is done by menu factoring company.
(3)EEP-ROM-
In this ROM, the data is electrically remove and replaced with new data.Secondary Memory-
=>The secondary memory is use for store the large amount of data.=>It is use for store audio, video, graphics, document and other files it is also known as non-bolatile memory because it is not depend upon the power the data have no effect when power is off.
The secondary memory is two type-
(1)Internal (Hard Disk Drive)(2)External (CD, DVD, BD, FD and other)