ANUDEEP SINGH CHANDEL /IICS COLLEGE ALLAHABAD

Computer-

=>Computer is an electronic device that used for perform the calculation on input data.

=>Computer word is taken from ‘compute’ word that mean is calculation.

=>Father of computer was “CHARLS BABBAGE”.

=>Babbage computer also known as mechanical computer.

=>Computer also called system where system word is taken from Greek word “SYSTEMA” because computer performs the task in systematic order.

Meaning of computer-

C-Common

O-Operating/Operat

M-Machine

P-Particular/person

U-User

T-Trade

E-Education

R-Research

Definition-

A Common Operating Machine which is used by Particular User in any field like Trade, Education, and Research.

Advantage of computer-

Computer has different types of advantage.

I. Speed-It performs fast calculation on input data.

II. Accuracy-It provides 100% accurate result.

III.Versatile-Perform any types of work in any field like Trade, Education, and Research.

IV. Diligence-Perform 24 hours work without getting tired.

V. Storage-store the data for long time duration.

VI. No IQ-No self decision taken.

VII.No feeling-No emotional attachment.

Working of computer-

IPO (Input-Process-Output) Cycle.

Computer use 3 processes for perform the execution.

a>Fetch-Read the data.

b>Decode-Change the data.

c>Execute-Process the data.

Type of computer-

The computer work on data signal which place two types.

According to signal the computer is divided into two type.

1)Analog computer

2)Digital computer

1)Analog compute-

=>In Analog computer, analog signal is used.

=>The analog signal is a signal which propagate (travel) with respect to time.

=>The analog signal provide different value at different point.

=>The analog computer is used in weather forecasting area.

2)Digital computer-

=>In digital computer, digital signal use the digital signal proved foe (content value) an any time.

=>The digital computer is used for calculation on data.

There are different area where the digital computer is used such as-
-Scientific Research

-Remote Sensing

-Rocket Lunching

-Flight Simulation

-Artificial Intelligence.

Hybrid computer-

This computer is used in biasness and medical area it works on analog and digital signal.

Generation of computer-

The generation of computer is depend hardware design there are different generation of computer.

1)1stGeneration(1940-1955)-

=>The computer is made by vacuumed tube or diode or valve.

=>The speed of calculation is very slow.

=>Very large size of computer.

=>Generation more heat.

=>Take 7 days for perform the calculation.

2)2ndGeneration(1955-1970)-

=>Computer are design by using transistor, Resistor and capacitor’s.

=>The processing speed is slow.

=>Bulky in size.

=>Used in business calculation.

3)3rdGeneration(1971-onwords)-

=>Computer is design by using Integrated Circuit(IC).

=>This generation of computer is used for fast calculation data.

=>In this generation of computer operating system keyboard, mouse and other devices is used.

4)4thGeneration(1980-onwords)-

=>It also design by using Integrated Circuit(IC).

=>In this generation, very large scale integration(VLSI) technology is used.

=>The processing speed is fast.

=>Computer size is reduced.

Eq. Desktop, Laptop, Palmtop, Portable Digital Assistant(PDA).

5)5thgeneration-

=>It use ultra large scale integration(ULSI) technology.

=>5th generation of computer is used in Artificial Intelligence and Robot designing.

Integrated Circuit(IC)-

=>IC is made by save conductor material such as silicon and germanium.

=>In IC, fabrication technology is used.

=>IC is made by using thin plastic material where all the circuit is fabricated.

=>The connection of IC is much more reliable than scolding connection.

=>IC reduce the size of computer.

=>IC provide greater speed and reliability.

=>It consume less power and generate less heat.

=>There are two type of IC.

a>Dual in line IC.

b>Pin grid array IC.

a>Dual in line IC-

=>24 pin’s are available.

=>Small circuit design.

b>Pin grid array IC-

=>144 pin’s are available.

=>Surrounded by pin’s.

=>Large circuit design.

Classification of IC              Number circuit
                

SSI-Small       Scale Integration 10            circuit


MSI-Medium      Scale Integration 100              ‘’


LSI-Large               ‘’        1000             ‘’          


VLSI-Very Large         ‘’       10000            ‘’           


VVLSI-Very Very Large   ‘’       100000            ‘’           
    

ULSI-Ultra Large        ‘’       Above 1000000   ‘’

Micro Processor-

=>It is brain of our computer system.

=>The microprocessor is build by the help of IC.

=>The microprocessor perform all the process in computer.

=>The first microprocessor was design by Intel Company in 1971.

=>The name of first microprocessor is Intel 4004.

=>First general purpose work on 8 bit data path and now it’s work on up to 64 bit data path.

There are many company that design microprocessor-

eq.
-Cyrix

-AMD(Advance micro devices)

-Celeron

-Intel

-Moto

Some microprocessor-

Intel microprocessor foxily-

Intel-4004

Intel-8080

Intel-8085

Intel-8086

Intel-80286

Intel-80386

Intel-80486

Intel-8088

Intel-pentium-1,2,3,4

Intel-core series=>Dual core, core 2Dou, core I3, I5, I7, I9

Category of computer (According to size, speed)-

=>There are different types of category of computer- Eq.

-Microcomputer

-Minicomputer

-Mainframe computer

-Super computer

Microcomputer-

=>The micro computer is design by the micro processor.

=>The computer which is made by micro processor is known as microcomputer.

=>The Personal Computer (PC) is also of micro computer.

=>The micro computer work on up to 64 bit micro processor.

Some micro computer are-

Laptop, Desktop, Palmtop, Portable Digital Assistant (PDA).

Minicomputer-

=>This computer is use in business calculation.

=>In this computer more then one processor is used.

Mainframe computer-

=>The mainframe computer is used in networking area for manage large amount of information.

=>The mainframe computer have more then one microprocessor than perform fast calculation.

=>The mainframe computer work on above 32 bit microprocessor.

=>This computer is use in network area for creating server.

=>IBM (International Business Machine) design the mainframe computer.

Super computer-

=>The Super computer is used for handle the large data processing.
=>The Super computer have more than one microprocessor that perform the different calculation at the save time.
=>The Super computer is a power full computer that provide the result in limited time interval.

=>In Super computer, Real time o/s is used.

=>Super computer is used for solving the complex problem in computer.

=>In Super computer vector processing is used.

=>There are different area where super computer is used. Eq.

-Weather forecasting

-Flight simulation

-Remote sensing

-Rocket launching

-Scientific research

-Seismic data analysis

Some Super computer are-

-CRAY-XMP-14

-GNOME-13

-PARAM

-ANURAG

-Sunway tihulight

-JAGUAR

Imp C.P.U. (Central Processing Unit)-

Input--------------------------Process------------------------output

=>The C.P.U. is central processing unit.

=>The C.P.U. is also known as brain of computer system.

=>The C.P.U. is invented by “JHON VON NEV MENN”.

=>The C.P.U. also known as microprocessor.

=>The C.P.U. perform the process in well define manner.

=>The C.P.U. have three basic component.

I. A.L.U.-Arithmetic Logic Unit

II. C.U.-Control Unit

III.M.U.-Memory Unit
C.P.U. also attached with input, output, and secondary memory.

I. A.L.U.-

=>In C.P.U., the A.L.U. perform all the calculations in computer.

=>In A.L.U. the mathematical and logical operators are store.

=>In C.P.U., the A.L.U. perform all the calculations in computer.

=>In A.L.U. the mathematical and logical operators are store.

II. C.U.-

=>The control unit in computer is responsible for the manage the working of computer.

=>The control unit attached with memory unit and ALU perform the processing.

=>The control unit use control signal for activating and deactivating the device in computer.

=>Control unit input the data instruction from memory unit and transfer to ALU for perform particular operations.

III. M.U.-

=>It is internal memory of processor.

=>It is also known as register.

=>The memory unit store all the input data instruction and also it store the processing result’s.

=>The memory unit store the data temporary format.

=>Memory unit attached with secondary memory for store the data permanently.

output(o/p)-

The output system in the computer is provided after processing.

There are two types of output-

(1)Softcopy output
(2)Hardcopy output

Softcopy output-

The softcopy output is display and sound at the can not be inprinted. 

Hardcopy output-

The hardcopy output is printing output the can not be print on paper.

Display-

The display output is also known as VDU(Visual Display Unit) and moniter that provid softcopy output.

There are different types of moniter such as-

(1)CRT-Cathoe Ray tube
(2)LCD-Liquid Crystel Display
(3)TFT-Thin Film Transistor
(4)LED-Light Emitted Diode
(5)Plasma

(1)CRT(Cathod Ray Tube)-

=>Moniter screen size is measured diagonally across the screen in inches. not all of the screen area may be usable for image displaynso the viewable area is also specified.
=>The resolution of the moniter is the maximum number of pixels it can display horizontally and vertically(Such as 800*600,or1024*768,or1600*1200).
=>The moniter is use to inexpensive technology.
=>It is physically large and heavy.

(2)LCD(Liquid Crystal Display)-

=>An LCD monitor,also called flat-panel monitor.
=>This is a desktop monitor that uses a liquid crystal display to produce images.
=>Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, insead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.
=>LCD moniter and LCD screns produce color using either passive matrix or active matrix technology.

(3)TFT(Thin Film Transister)-

=>A TFT(Thin Film transistor) display, also know as an active matrix display.
=>TFT use a separate transistor to apply charge to each liquid crystal cell and thus displays high quality color that is viewable from all angles.

(4)Plasma display-

=>Scienists refer to plasma as the fourth state of matter (the first three being solid,gas,and liquid) often plasma is defined as an ionized gas.
=>There moniters are made of an array of pixels, each conposed of three phasphor sub-pixels_red green and blue.

(5)LED(Light Emitted Diode)-

=>A LED display is a flat panel display,which uses an array of light-emitting dioes as pixels for a video display.
=>LED display are capable of providing general illumination in addition to visual display,as when used for stage lighting or other decorative purposes.

Display praperties-

(1)Pixel-

=>Pixel in monitor is for display the data like video,picture and other data.
=>The pixel incresed the output quality.

(2)Color-

The monitor display the data two color.
(a)Monochromic-Black and white.
(b)RGB-Red,Green and Blue.
=>The color combination is very good and clear in CRT monitor and bad in LCD monitor.

(3)Resolation-

=>It is related to the arrangment of pixel in row and column formet.
=>The good quality output is depend upon the resolation of data e.q 720*480,1024*780 etc.

Refresh Rate-

It is related to refresh the monitor data in per second.

Projection Display-

=>The projection display is used for convert small display output into lorg display output.
=>Projector is an example of projection display.

Hardcopy output-

=>It is in physical farmat.
=>The hardcopy output is generated by the printer.
=>The printer have following technology.
(1)Impact or Non-impact printing (Related to quality of printing)
(2)Fully Format and Dot-Matrix printer (Related to accuracy of printing)
(3)Serial,Line and Page printing (Related to speed of printing)

(1)Impact or Non-Impact(Quality)-

=>The impact printing is used in typewriter or daisywheel and Dot-matrix printer.
=>In impact printing the hamming technology is used that means the character is hit on paper through ink ribbon.
=>The printing quality of impact printing is not good or clear.
=>In Non-impact printing the character's are printing printed on paper using smooth technology.
=>The quality of non-impact printing is good and clear.
=>It is used in inkjet and laser printer.

(2)Fully Formed and Dot-Matrix printing(Accuracy)-

=>In Fully Formed printing the character is print using solid line and curve.
=>In fully formed printing the character's are understandable and readable format.
=>It is used in laser and inkjet printer.
=>In Dot-Matrix printing the character is print using dots.
=>The dots are created by the help of pins.
=>The printing of character is not clear or accurate.
=>It is use for printing Bill's.
=>It is used in Daisywheel and Dot-Matrix printer.

(3)Serial,Line and Page printing(Speed)-

=>A printerr that attaches to a computer through a serial interface.
=>Serial printer is slow transmission times and compatibility issues.
=>A line printer prints one entire line of text before advancing to another line.
=>Line printer print speed of 600 line per minute.
=>A page printer is a computer printer which processes and prints a whole page at a time, as opposed to printers which print one line or character at a time such as line printers and dot-matix printers.

Types of Printer-

Printer	Quality	Accuracy	Speed	Ink Quality	Used
(1)Inkjet	Non-Impact	Fully formed	Line by Line print	Liquid Ink heat	Small office for print, Doc., App., letter
(2)Dot-Matrix	Impact	Dot-Matrix(Dot printing)	Character by character print(slow)	Ink ribbon	Print bills(Bulk print)
(3)Daisy Wheel	Impact	Dot-Matrix(Dot printing)	Line by line(Accuracy)	Ink ribbon	Print Bills
(4)Laser	Non-Impact	Fully format	Page Printing(fast)	Power of dry Ink & Salary	Print high quality data App. &other
(5)Platter	Non-Impact	Fully format	Line printing(Average)	Laser Print	Print flow Banner or Poster(Large Pen)

Memory System-

=>Memory in computer is used for store the data for long time duration.
=>Memory store the data in the form of files.
=>In memory the data is store in to two types of format.
(a)Temporary-for small time duration.
(b)Permanent-for long time duration.

Types of memory-

=>Memory Hicrorchy
=>Inter connection of memory
=>Flow of memory

Internal processor memory-

=>It is also known as processor memory.
=>It is divided into two types.
(a)CPU Register
(b)Cache memory

(a)CPU Register-

=>The CPU Register is direct attached with microprocessor.
=>In CPU Register limited types of data instruction's is store.
=>It is non removable memory.
=>In CPU Register those set of instruction is store which is currently processing in microprocessor.

Cache memory-

=>Cache memory is very fast memory that place between processor and RAM.
=>The cache memory is used for increased the processing and data transmission speed.
=>Cache memory is static memory where the data for deleted.
=>Cache memory is expensive and non removable or non expandable memory.
=>In cache memory those instruction is store which is ready for process.

There are two types of cache memory-

(1)L1 cache
(2)L2 cache
=>In L1 cache the small set of instruction is store size of L1 cache is 8kb to 256mb.
=>L2 cache store large data instruction size of L2 cache is 512mb to 1000mb.

Primary Memory-

=>It is the hart of computer that memory all the processing in computer.
=>The primary memory help for operate the data in computer.
=>This memory is divided into two types.
(1)RAM
(2)ROM

Difference between RAM and ROM-

=>In ROM, the data is only accesses and data of ROM can't be updating.
=>In RAM, the data is accesses and also update.

RAM-

=>It is the hart of computer manage all the part of system.
=>It is also known as bolatile memory because it work on power management that means the data is loss when the power is off.
=>RAM is also known as temporary memory because in RAM the data is store for small time duration.

There are different types of RAM-

(1)S-RAM=>Static RAM
(2)D-RAM=>Dynamic RAM
(3)SD-RAM=>Synchronous Dynamic RAM
(4)RD-RAM=>Rambus Dynamic RAM
(5)DDR-RAM=>Double Data Rate RAM

(1)S-RAM and D-RAM-

=>In S-RAM the data is available  till the computer is an and all the data automatic remove when the computer is off.
=>In D-RAM the data is refresh automatic or particular time interval. This RAM is use for manage processing in the computer.

(2)RD-RAM-

=>The RD-RAM is used in gaming console devices.
=>The RD-RAM is use for support high graphics and high value data.

DDR-RAM-

=>In DDR-RAM the dual value of data is handle in computer as the same time.
=>The DDR-RAM in computer is used in Loptop and Desktop computer.

There are different version of DDR-RAM-

(a)DDR1 (b)DDR2 (c)DDR3 (d)DDR4

ROM-

It is Read Only Memory in ROM chip the data is only access can't we update.

There are different types of ROM-

(1)P-ROM(Programmable ROM)
(2)EP-ROM(Erasable P-ROM)
(3)EEP-ROM(Electrical EP-ROM)

(1)P-ROM-

In this ROM chip the program's are store that help to operate the devices. Like-Device Driver's.

(2)EP-ROM-

=>In this ROM chip, the data is erased and then store new data.
=>This process is done by menu factoring  company.

(3)EEP-ROM-

In this ROM, the data is electrically remove and replaced with new data.

Secondary Memory-

=>The secondary memory is use for store the large amount of data.
=>It is use for store audio, video, graphics, document and other files it is also known as non-bolatile memory because it is not depend upon the power the data have no effect when power is off.

The secondary memory is two type-

(1)Internal (Hard Disk Drive)
(2)External (CD, DVD, BD, FD and other)